範例：變異數與標準差

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範例：變異數與標準差

使用 Var 與 Stdev 函數比較韋伯分佈與常態分佈之分佈。

1. 定義根據韋伯分佈與常態分佈的數據集。

2. 繪製分佈。

<region id="ID0EKWFAB" top="312" left="0" width="626" height="312" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50">
  <plot origin-positioning="true">
    <xyPlot>
      <title class="- topic/title " wwtype:type="Paragraph" xmlns:wwtype="urn:WebWorks-Type-Schema" />
      <legend />
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        <trace resultRef="0">
          <traceStyle color="#FF00008B" symbol="none" line-weight="1" line-style="Solid">欄</traceStyle>
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        <trace resultRef="1">
          <traceStyle color="#FFFF0000" symbol="none" line-weight="1" line-style="Solid">欄</traceStyle>
        </trace>
      </traces>
      <axes>
        <xAxis legend-position="PlotBoundaryBottom" rank="1">
          <axisLine position="origin" positionticmark="0" />
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          <plotEquations>
            <plotEquation>
              <math>
                <apply xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">
                  <matcol />
                  <id>NormHist</id>
                  <real>0</real>
                </apply>
              </math>
              <math>
                <id label="Unit" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">kg</id>
              </math>
            </plotEquation>
            <plotEquation>
              <math>
                <apply xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">
                  <matcol />
                  <id>WeibHist</id>
                  <real>0</real>
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                <id label="Unit" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">kg</id>
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        </xAxis>
        <yAxis legend-position="PlotBoundaryLeft" rank="1">
          <axisLine position="origin" positionticmark="2" />
          <axisGrid>
            <gridFrequency>11</gridFrequency>
            <gridLabels display="true" />
            <gridLines />
            <tickMarks display="true" />
          </axisGrid>
          <axisLabel />
          <markers />
          <numberFormat />
          <plotEquations>
            <plotEquation>
              <math>
                <apply xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">
                  <matcol />
                  <id>NormHist</id>
                  <real>1</real>
                </apply>
              </math>
              <math>
                <placeholder xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50" />
              </math>
            </plotEquation>
            <plotEquation>
              <math>
                <apply xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">
                  <matcol />
                  <id>WeibHist</id>
                  <real>1</real>
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              </math>
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                <placeholder xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50" />
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        </yAxis>
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  </plot>
</region>

兩個數據集的均數雖然類似，但分佈與形狀不同：

3. 計算分佈的取樣變異數。

韋伯分佈的變異數較小，表示常態分佈的分佈較低。

取樣變異數的計算如下：

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  <math>
    <define xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">
      <function>
        <id label="None">Variance</id>
        <boundVars>
          <id label="None">V</id>
        </boundVars>
      </function>
      <apply>
        <mult />
        <apply>
          <div />
          <real>1</real>
          <apply>
            <minus />
            <apply>
              <id>rows</id>
              <id>V</id>
            </apply>
            <real>1</real>
          </apply>
        </apply>
        <parens>
          <apply>
            <summation />
            <lambda>
              <boundVars>
                <id>i</id>
              </boundVars>
              <apply>
                <pow />
                <parens>
                  <apply>
                    <minus />
                    <apply>
                      <indexer />
                      <id>V</id>
                      <id>i</id>
                    </apply>
                    <apply>
                      <id>mean</id>
                      <id>V</id>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </parens>
                <real>2</real>
              </apply>
            </lambda>
            <lowerBound>
              <real>0</real>
            </lowerBound>
            <upperBound>
              <apply>
                <minus />
                <apply>
                  <id>rows</id>
                  <id>V</id>
                </apply>
                <real>1</real>
              </apply>
            </upperBound>
          </apply>
        </parens>
      </apply>
    </define>
    <resultFormat>
      <decimal precision="round-trip-decimal-places" show-trailing-zeros="false" radix="dec" imaginary-value="i" />
      <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" />
    </resultFormat>
  </math>
</region>

4. 計算韋伯分佈的取樣標準差。

標準差的單位與原始數據的單位相同，使其成為比變異數更直覺式的散佈量測。可視為一連串實際上應完全相同的量測之誤差量測。

取樣標準差是取樣變異數的平方根。

5. 計算韋伯分佈的總體變異數與標準差：

總體變異數與標準差會除以樣本大小，而不是除以樣本大小減一：

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  <math>
    <define xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">
      <function>
        <id label="None">variance</id>
        <boundVars>
          <id label="None">V</id>
        </boundVars>
      </function>
      <apply>
        <mult />
        <apply>
          <div />
          <real>1</real>
          <apply>
            <id>rows</id>
            <id>V</id>
          </apply>
        </apply>
        <parens>
          <apply>
            <summation />
            <lambda>
              <boundVars>
                <id>i</id>
              </boundVars>
              <apply>
                <pow />
                <parens>
                  <apply>
                    <minus />
                    <apply>
                      <indexer />
                      <id>V</id>
                      <id>i</id>
                    </apply>
                    <apply>
                      <id>mean</id>
                      <id>V</id>
                    </apply>
                  </apply>
                </parens>
                <real>2</real>
              </apply>
            </lambda>
            <lowerBound>
              <real>0</real>
            </lowerBound>
            <upperBound>
              <apply>
                <minus />
                <apply>
                  <id>rows</id>
                  <id>V</id>
                </apply>
                <real>1</real>
              </apply>
            </upperBound>
          </apply>
        </parens>
      </apply>
    </define>
    <resultFormat>
      <decimal precision="round-trip-decimal-places" show-trailing-zeros="false" radix="dec" imaginary-value="i" />
      <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" />
    </resultFormat>
  </math>
</region>

取樣標準差 (或函數 Var) 是量化數據分析中比較常用的定義。

相關主題

變異數與標準差

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