예제: 정규 평균의 T 검증

함수 > 통계 > 확률 분포 > 예제: 정규 평균의 T 검증

예제: 정규 평균의 T 검증

두 정규 모집단의 평균이 같다는 가설을 검증합니다.

1. 비교할 데이터 집합을 정의합니다.

2. 표본 통계를 수집합니다.

각 데이터 집합의 표본 수	<region id="ID0E14JBB" top="403.20000000000005" left="38.400000000000006" width="137.98000000000002" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="91"> <define xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="">n1</id> <apply> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="FUNCTION" label-is-contextual="true">length</id> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">data1</id> </apply> </define> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region> <region id="ID0ED5JBB" top="441.60000000000008" left="38.400000000000006" width="137.98000000000002" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="95"> <define xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="">n2</id> <apply> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="FUNCTION" label-is-contextual="true">length</id> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">data2</id> </apply> </define> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region>	<region id="ID0EY5JBB" top="403.20000000000005" left="384.00000000000006" width="65.516666666666666" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="93"> <eval xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">n1</id> <unitOverride> <placeholder /> </unitOverride> </eval> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region> <region id="ID0EG6JBB" top="441.60000000000008" left="384.00000000000006" width="65.516666666666666" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="97"> <eval xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">n2</id> <unitOverride> <placeholder /> </unitOverride> </eval> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region>
표본 평균	<region id="ID0ELAKBB" top="480.00000000000006" left="38.400000000000006" width="136.66000000000003" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="99"> <define xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="">m1</id> <apply> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="FUNCTION" label-is-contextual="true">mean</id> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">data1</id> </apply> </define> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region> <region id="ID0EZAKBB" top="518.40000000000009" left="38.400000000000006" width="136.66000000000003" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="103"> <define xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="">m2</id> <apply> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="FUNCTION" label-is-contextual="true">mean</id> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">data2</id> </apply> </define> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region>	<region id="ID0EOBKBB" top="480.00000000000006" left="384.00000000000006" width="82.250000000000014" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="101"> <eval xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">m1</id> <unitOverride> <placeholder /> </unitOverride> </eval> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region> <region id="ID0E3BKBB" top="518.40000000000009" left="384.00000000000006" width="82.250000000000014" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="105"> <eval xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">m2</id> <unitOverride> <placeholder /> </unitOverride> </eval> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region>
표본 표준 편차	<region id="ID0EBDKBB" top="614.40000000000009" left="38.400000000000006" width="197.0459999702374" height="50.065333527326587" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="111"> <define xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="">s1</id> <apply> <mult /> <apply> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="FUNCTION" label-is-contextual="true">stdev</id> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">data1</id> </apply> <apply> <nthRoot /> <placeholder /> <apply> <div /> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">n1</id> <apply> <minus /> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">n1</id> <real>1</real> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </define> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region> <region id="ID0EPDKBB" top="672.00000000000011" left="38.400000000000006" width="197.0459999702374" height="50.065333527326587" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="115"> <define xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="">s2</id> <apply> <mult /> <apply> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="FUNCTION" label-is-contextual="true">stdev</id> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">data2</id> </apply> <apply> <nthRoot /> <placeholder /> <apply> <div /> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">n2</id> <apply> <minus /> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">n2</id> <real>1</real> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </define> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region>	<region id="ID0EEEKBB" top="614.40000000000009" left="384.00000000000006" width="90.876666666666679" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="113"> <eval xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">s1</id> <unitOverride> <placeholder /> </unitOverride> </eval> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region> <region id="ID0ESEKBB" top="672.00000000000011" left="384.00000000000006" width="90.876666666666679" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="117"> <eval xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">s2</id> <unitOverride> <placeholder /> </unitOverride> </eval> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region>
두 평균을 결합할 때의 자유도	<region id="ID0EXFKBB" top="556.80000000000007" left="38.400000000000006" width="105.12666666666667" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="107"> <define xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="*">ν</id> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">n1</id> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">n2</id> </apply> <real>2</real> </apply> </define> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region>	<region id="ID0EMGKBB" top="556.80000000000007" left="384.00000000000006" width="56.493333333333339" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="109"> <eval xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">ν</id> <unitOverride> <placeholder /> </unitOverride> </eval> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region>
데이터 집합의 차이를 나타내는 표준 오차	<region id="ID0EPHKBB" top="729.60000000000014" left="38.400000000000006" width="313.71933330357075" height="52.217333527326588" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="119"> <define xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="*">s</id> <apply> <nthRoot /> <placeholder /> <apply> <mult /> <apply> <div /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <mult /> <parens> <apply> <minus /> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">n1</id> <real>1</real> </apply> </parens> <apply> <pow /> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">s1</id> <real>2</real> </apply> </apply> <apply> <mult /> <parens> <apply> <minus /> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">n2</id> <real>1</real> </apply> </parens> <apply> <pow /> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">s2</id> <real>2</real> </apply> </apply> </apply> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">ν</id> </apply> <parens> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <div /> <real>1</real> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">n1</id> </apply> <apply> <div /> <real>1</real> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">n2</id> </apply> </apply> </parens> </apply> </apply> </define> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region>	<region id="ID0EDIKBB" top="729.60000000000014" left="384.00000000000006" width="82.896666666666675" height="25.6" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50"> <math resultRef="121"> <eval xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50"> <id xml:space="preserve" labels="VARIABLE" label-is-contextual="true">s</id> <unitOverride> <placeholder /> </unitOverride> </eval> <resultFormat> <matrix size="12,12" offset="0,0" show-indices="false" expand-nested-arrays="false" /> </resultFormat> </math> </region>

3. 유의 수준을 정의합니다.

4. 검증 통계를 계산합니다.

5. 귀무가설 및 대립가설을 기술합니다.

H0: m1 ≤ m2

H1: m1 > m2

6. p-value를 계산하고 가설을 검증합니다. 이 예에서 귀무가설이 참이고 사용자가 H0을 거부하지 않으면 모든 부울 식은 1로 계산됩니다.

귀무가설이 참이라고 가정하면 테스트 통계가 관측 통계보다 클 확률이 0.946입니다. p-value와 유의 수준을 비교해 보면 대립가설이 참이라는 증거가 없다는 것을 알 수 있습니다.

7. 임계 영역의 한계를 계산하고 가설을 검증합니다.

귀무가설을 승인합니다. m1이 m2보다 크다는 증거가 없습니다.

8. 스튜던트 분포(파랑), 중요 영역의 경계(녹색) 및 검사 통계(빨강)를 도표화합니다.

<region id="ID0EPUKBB" top="1804.8000000000002" left="38.400000000000006" width="580" height="211.19999999999996" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/worksheet50">
  <plot origin-positioning="true" background-type="white">
    <xyPlot>
      <title class="- topic/title " wwtype:type="Paragraph" xmlns:wwtype="urn:WebWorks-Type-Schema" />
      <legend />
      <traces>
        <trace num-of-points="500" resultRef="141">
          <traceStyle color="#FF00008B" symbol="none" line-weight="1" line-style="Solid">lines</traceStyle>
        </trace>
      </traces>
      <axes>
        <xAxis rank="1" legend-position="PlotBoundaryBottom" start="-4" end="4">
          <axisLine position="origin" positionticmark="0" legendWidth="60.93" />
          <axisGrid>
            <gridFrequency>9</gridFrequency>
            <gridLabels display="true" />
            <gridLines />
            <tickMarks display="true" />
          </axisGrid>
          <axisLabel />
          <markers>
            <id xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">crit</id>
            <id xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">t</id>
          </markers>
          <numberFormat>
            <general precision="3" show-trailing-zeros="false" radix="dec" zero-threshold="15" imaginary-value="i" exponential-threshold="3" />
          </numberFormat>
          <plotEquations>
            <plotEquation>
              <math resultRef="152">
                <id xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">x</id>
              </math>
              <math resultRef="153">
                <placeholder xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50" />
              </math>
            </plotEquation>
          </plotEquations>
          <xyDomain scale-type="linear" auto-scale="true">
            <startValue resultRef="147">
              <real xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">-4</real>
            </startValue>
            <real xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">-3</real>
            <endValue resultRef="151">
              <real xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">4</real>
            </endValue>
          </xyDomain>
        </xAxis>
        <yAxis rank="1" legend-position="PlotBoundaryLeft" start="0" end="0.4">
          <axisLine position="origin" positionticmark="4" legendWidth="106.173333333333" />
          <axisGrid>
            <gridFrequency>5</gridFrequency>
            <gridLabels display="true" />
            <gridLines />
            <tickMarks display="true" />
          </axisGrid>
          <axisLabel />
          <markers />
          <numberFormat>
            <general precision="3" show-trailing-zeros="false" radix="dec" zero-threshold="15" imaginary-value="i" exponential-threshold="3" />
          </numberFormat>
          <plotEquations>
            <plotEquation>
              <math resultRef="160">
                <apply xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">
                  <id xml:space="preserve">dt</id>
                  <sequence>
                    <id xml:space="preserve">x</id>
                    <id xml:space="preserve">ν</id>
                  </sequence>
                </apply>
              </math>
              <math resultRef="161">
                <placeholder xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50" />
              </math>
            </plotEquation>
          </plotEquations>
          <xyDomain scale-type="linear" auto-scale="true">
            <startValue resultRef="155">
              <real xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">0</real>
            </startValue>
            <real xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">0.1</real>
            <endValue resultRef="159">
              <real xmlns="http://schemas.mathsoft.com/math50">0.4</real>
            </endValue>
          </xyDomain>
        </yAxis>
      </axes>
    </xyPlot>
  </plot>
</region>